Navigating the vast world of digital advertising demands a complete grasp of multiple cost models . CPI (Cost Per Install), CPL (Cost Per Lead), CPM (Cost Per Mille/Thousand Impressions), and CPV (Cost Per View) each indicate a distinct method to pay ad networks . CPI is best for app growth, while

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis examines the diverse strategies employed by fraudsters and highlights their impact on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By evaluating various deceptive practices across